zooexam3guide

Zoology 1, Fall
Study Guide for Exam 2
Exam Date =

Where (type of rock substrate) are fossils usually found?
What is the "law of superposition"?
What is the "relative dating technique" for fossils?
What is the absolute dating technique for rocks or fossils?
If you are looking at dinosaur fossils, what type of absolute dating technique might you use?
If you are examining early human fossils what type of absolute dating technique might you use?
What is an isotope half-life?
Where does potassium-40 come from? How is it used to measure the age of fossils?
Where does carbon-14 come from? How is it used to measure the age of fossils?
What is the difference between relative dating and direct dating in fossil layers?
To what types of rock does the "Law of Superposition" apply?
Why is the fossil record considered "incomplete"?
What was the "Cambrian Explosion"?
What 7 periods make up the Palaeozoic Era?
What 3 periods make up the Mesozoic Era?
What 2 periods make up the Cenozoic Era?
When did animals first colonize land?
When did the dinosaurs live?
When did mammals and birds radiate?
When dating strata using C-14 what material do you use?
What is the quantity of C-14 compared to?
What is the useful age range of C-14 dating?
When dating strata using K-40 what material do you use?
What is the quantity of K-40 compared to?
What is the useful age range of K-40 dating?
What are the 4 Epochs in Earth's history recognized by geologists.
What was the Cambrian Explosion?
When (period/date) did jawed fish appear in the fossil record?
When did bony fish appear in the fossil record?
When did vertebrates become semi-terrestrial in the fossil record?
When did the amniote vertebrates first appear?
What is the P-T boundary?
When did the dinosaurs live?
What major periods did the dinosaurs exist in?
What is the most popular theory for the dinosaur extinction? When did it occur?
Compare-contrast how Paramecium and a sponge obtain food.
How does the cnidarian mode of feeding differ from the sponge?
Compare-contrast how a freshwater hydra and a freshwater sponge maintain water balance.
How do all of the above organisms obtain O2 and get rid of CO2 and N-wastes?
What is cephalization?
Why does a roundworm (Nematoda) need a special organ to excrete N-wastes?
What is unique about intestinal parasite nematodes with regards to gas exchange?

What novel organ do Playhelminthes possess to help maintain water balance?
Compare-contrast the N-waste excreting organ in Nematodes to those in Annelids.
Differentiate the body structure of an acoelomate, a pseudocoelomate and a eucoelomate.
What is metamerism and which organisms possess this design?
What is a true nephridia?
How do you spell desiccation?:)
What N-wastes might be secreted by an aquatic snail.
What N-wastes might be secreted by a terrestrial snail? Why the difference from above?
What structure/organ does the terrestrial snail use to excrete N-wastes?

How is insect growth different from growth in an earthworm (with regards to size)?
What is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of? How does diatomaceous earth kill ants?
What feature do the Playhelminthes possess that Cnidaria do not (think from lab)?
What apomorphy do the Nematoda possess that Platyhelminthes do not?
What apomorphy do the Eucoelomates (like Annelida) possess that the Nematoda do not?
Compare-contrast an open circulatory system to a closed circulatory system.....which is better??
What 3 general regions make up all arthropod gut tracts?
What is the function of each region? What is the dermal origin of each region?
What type of circulatory system do arthropods possess?
Compare/contrast the nephridia of a crayfish with the nephridia of a bivalve (this is a trick question!).
How does an insect get rid of N-wastes?
Why are there relatively few types of terrestrial crustaceans?
Compare/contrast how a scorpion and an insect achieve gas exchange. Are these structures homologous?
How does the dissolved oxygen content of water vary?
What is the difference between living in water vs. living on land with regards to gas exchange?
Why might a terrestrial organisms have less respiratory surface area than a similarly sized aquatic organism?
How does a diving beetle obtain oxygen?
Why does a diving beetle have to come to the surface?
Why do aquatic bugs (Hemiptera) with a plastron never need to surface for air?

What determines the contractile strength and contraction distance of a muscle?
Where are an arthropod's muscles located?
As the arthropod gets larger, how does the cross sectional area of its body (muscle) increase?
As the arthropod gets larger how does its body mass / volume increase?
Why did insects never evolve to be as large as the dinosaurs? (give detail)
How can vertebrates be so large and still very agile?
What work do muscles do? Can a single muscle do multiple actions?
What 2 types of protein filaments make a muscle function?
Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
When a muscle contracts, what is actually shortening? How does this work?
What role does ATP have in muscle contraction?
What role does calcium have in muscle contraction?
What is rigormortis?
What is a hormone? Compare contrast hormone control to nervous system control of tissues.
Outline the molt-regulating hormones in the crayfish. What is happening during the intermolt period?
What happens to stimulate molting in the crayfish? How could you grow big crayfish quickly?
During insect development the larvae metamorphoses into an pupae, then an adult. What regulates the outcome of molting (whether it will remain a larvae or change to an adult).
How does methoprene pesticide kill mosquitoes?
Give an example of how a vertebrate hormone regulates metamorphosis in frogs.

What general patterns in central nervous system morphology can you describe from Porifera - Cnidaria - Platyhelminthes - Annelida - Arthropoda - Chordata?
Why can't octopi get any smarter?
Identify the main parts of a nerve cell.
What are dendrites and axons? What is a synapse?
How does a nerve cell maintain a voltage potential?
How does the Na+/K+ pump work?
How do the Na+ and K+ gated channels work?
Where does the nerve cell receive stimulation?
How does the nerve's "self propagating" action potential work?
What is a recovery period - or hyperpolerization period?
What happens at the end of the nerve cell?
How do myelated sheaths (Schwann cells) alter nerve function?
Why is the squid giant axon so large? What does size have to do with nerve function?
What is a reflex response? How does this relate to "stimulation-integration-motor action"?
What type of sensory structure starts the reflex response (like the "knee jerk")?
Name the various types of sensory receptors and what they do?
How do compound eyes and camera eyes differ (structurally)?
Are squid eyes and human eyes homologous? Explain your answer.
How does the retina function? What is the difference between rods and cones?
How many different kinds of cones do you have in your eyes?
Compare / contrast the cellular response to the immune response.
Do insects have an immune system?
Describe the cellular response.
Differentiate between macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells
What do the T-cells do?
How are antibodies made?
What does vaccination have to do with the immune response?