Zoology 1, Fall
Study Guide for Exam 2
Exam Date =
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Where (type of rock substrate) are fossils usually found?
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What is the "law of superposition"?
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What is the "relative dating technique" for fossils?
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What is the absolute dating technique for rocks or fossils?
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If you are looking at dinosaur fossils, what type of absolute dating technique
might you use?
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If you are examining early human fossils what type of absolute dating technique
might you use?
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What is an isotope half-life?
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Where does potassium-40 come from? How is it used to measure the
age of fossils?
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Where does carbon-14 come from? How is it used to measure the age
of fossils?
- What is the difference between relative dating and direct dating in fossil
layers?
- To what types of rock does the "Law of Superposition" apply?
- Why is the fossil record considered "incomplete"?
- What was the "Cambrian Explosion"?
- What 7 periods make up the Palaeozoic Era?
- What 3 periods make up the Mesozoic Era?
- What 2 periods make up the Cenozoic Era?
- When did animals first colonize land?
- When did the dinosaurs live?
- When did mammals and birds radiate?
- When dating strata using C-14 what material do you use?
- What is the quantity of C-14 compared to?
- What is the useful age range of C-14 dating?
- When dating strata using K-40 what material do you use?
- What is the quantity of K-40 compared to?
- What is the useful age range of K-40 dating?
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What are the 4 Epochs in Earth's history recognized by geologists.
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What was the Cambrian Explosion?
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When (period/date) did jawed fish appear in the fossil record?
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When did bony fish appear in the fossil record?
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When did vertebrates become semi-terrestrial in the fossil record?
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When did the amniote vertebrates first appear?
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What is the P-T boundary?
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When did the dinosaurs live?
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What major periods did the dinosaurs exist in?
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What is the most popular theory for the dinosaur extinction? When
did it occur?
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Compare-contrast how Paramecium and a sponge obtain food.
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How does the cnidarian mode of feeding differ from the sponge?
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Compare-contrast how a freshwater hydra and a freshwater sponge maintain
water balance.
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How do all of the above organisms obtain O2 and get rid of CO2 and
N-wastes?
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What is cephalization?
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Why does a roundworm (Nematoda) need a special organ to excrete N-wastes?
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What is unique about intestinal parasite nematodes with regards to gas exchange?
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What novel organ do Playhelminthes possess to help maintain water balance?
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Compare-contrast the N-waste excreting organ in Nematodes to those in Annelids.
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Differentiate the body structure of an acoelomate, a pseudocoelomate and
a eucoelomate.
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What is metamerism and which organisms possess this design?
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What is a true nephridia?
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How do you spell desiccation?:)
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What N-wastes might be secreted by an aquatic snail.
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What N-wastes might be secreted by a terrestrial snail? Why the difference
from above?
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What structure/organ does the terrestrial snail use to excrete N-wastes?
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How is insect growth different from growth in an earthworm (with regards
to size)?
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What is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of? How does diatomaceous
earth kill ants?
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What feature do the Playhelminthes possess that Cnidaria do not (think from
lab)?
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What apomorphy do the Nematoda possess that Platyhelminthes do not?
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What apomorphy do the Eucoelomates (like Annelida) possess that the Nematoda do not?
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Compare-contrast an open circulatory system to a closed circulatory
system.....which is better??
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What 3 general regions make up all arthropod gut tracts?
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What is the function of each region? What is the dermal origin of
each region?
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What type of circulatory system do arthropods possess?
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Compare/contrast the nephridia of a crayfish with the nephridia of a bivalve
(this is a trick question!).
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How does an insect get rid of N-wastes?
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Why are there relatively few types of terrestrial crustaceans?
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Compare/contrast how a scorpion and an insect achieve gas exchange.
Are these structures homologous?
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How does the dissolved oxygen content of water vary?
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What is the difference between living in water vs. living on land with
regards to gas exchange?
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Why might a terrestrial organisms have less respiratory surface area than
a similarly sized aquatic organism?
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How does a diving beetle obtain oxygen?
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Why does a diving beetle have to come to the surface?
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Why do aquatic bugs (Hemiptera) with a plastron never need to surface for air?
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What determines the contractile strength and contraction distance of a
muscle?
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Where are an arthropod's muscles located?
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As the arthropod gets larger, how does the cross sectional area of its
body (muscle) increase?
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As the arthropod gets larger how does its body mass / volume increase?
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Why did insects never evolve to be as large as the dinosaurs? (give
detail)
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How can vertebrates be so large and still very agile?
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What work do muscles do? Can a single muscle do multiple actions?
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What 2 types of protein filaments make a muscle function?
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Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
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When a muscle contracts, what is actually shortening? How does this
work?
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What role does ATP have in muscle contraction?
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What role does calcium have in muscle contraction?
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What is rigormortis?
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What is a hormone? Compare contrast hormone control to nervous system
control of tissues.
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Outline the molt-regulating hormones in the crayfish. What is happening
during the intermolt period?
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What happens to stimulate molting in the crayfish? How could you
grow big crayfish quickly?
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During insect development the larvae metamorphoses into an pupae, then
an adult. What regulates the outcome of molting (whether it will
remain a larvae or change to an adult).
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How does methoprene pesticide kill mosquitoes?
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Give an example of how a vertebrate hormone regulates metamorphosis in
frogs.
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What general patterns in central nervous system morphology can you describe
from Porifera - Cnidaria - Platyhelminthes - Annelida - Arthropoda - Chordata?
- Why can't octopi get any smarter?
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Identify the main parts of a nerve cell.
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What are dendrites and axons? What is a synapse?
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How does a nerve cell maintain a voltage potential?
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How does the Na+/K+ pump work?
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How do the Na+ and K+ gated channels work?
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Where does the nerve cell receive stimulation?
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How does the nerve's "self propagating" action potential work?
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What is a recovery period - or hyperpolerization period?
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What happens at the end of the nerve cell?
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How do myelated sheaths (Schwann cells) alter nerve function?
- Why is the squid giant axon so large? What does size have to do with
nerve function?
- What is a reflex response? How does this relate to "stimulation-integration-motor
action"?
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What type of sensory structure starts the reflex response (like the "knee
jerk")?
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Name the various types of sensory receptors and what they do?
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How do compound eyes and camera eyes differ (structurally)?
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Are squid eyes and human eyes homologous? Explain your answer.
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How does the retina function? What is the difference between rods
and cones?
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How many different kinds of cones do you have in your eyes?
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- Compare / contrast the cellular response to the immune response.
- Do insects have an immune system?
- Describe the cellular response.
- Differentiate between macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells
- What do the T-cells do?
- How are antibodies made?
- What does vaccination have to do with the immune response?