Lecture 1

Study Guide for Lecture Exam 2

What is a oxidation-reduction reaction? What does being "reduced" mean?
How is free energy released by catabolism "captured" by the cell?
Why is ATP sometimes called "the rechargeable battery of the cell"?
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
What is a biochemical pathway? What happens when a product builds up?
What are electron carriers? What kind of biological molecule is NAD?
Where does glycolysis occur? What are the final products of glycolysis?
Know the 10 steps of glycolysis I covered in lecture (remember step 4&5).
What is the energy investment stage? Why does this occur?
Where/when is energy harvested from glycolysis?
What happens after glycolysis if no oxygen is present if you are a yeast cell?
What happens after glycolysis if no oxygen is present if you are a lactate bacteria?
Where does pyruvate go in the presence of oxygen (i.e., aerobic respiration)?
What happens to pyruvate just before the Kreb's cycle? What are the products (including waste)?
Know the ~9 general steps in the Kreb's cycle, focus on the carbon# and ATP + electrons
Why is it called a cycle? What are the waste products of the cycle?
What are the products from the Kreb's cycle (for each glucose? for each pyruvate?)?
Where does the CO2 that you exhale come from? How many per glucose molecule?
What is the role of oxygen in respiration? Where does the oxygen that you breath go?
How are NADH and FADH2 molecules converted into ATP?
What is chemiosmosis? What does osmosis have to do with this process?
How does chemiosmosis differ from substrate-level phosphorylation?
How many ATP molecules are made for each NADH in electron transport?
How many ATP for each FADH2? Why the difference?
What protein synthesizes ATP in the mitochondria?
What are the 5 protein complexes that make up the electron transport chain?
Why are lipids a more efficient food storage molecule than polysaccharides (2 reasons)?
Differentiate between the light dependent and the light independent reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the photosynthetic activity range on the visible light spectrum?
Know the parts of a chloroplast: outer membrane, innermembrane, thylakoid membrane, stroma.
What happens at the PSII protein complex? What is plastoquinone? What is plastocyanin?
What does the PSI protein complex do?
Differentiate cyclic vs. non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
How is ATP made at the thylakoid?
What does RuBisCo do and why is it so important?
Outline the Calvin Cycle (C3 pathway) noting the energy investment and products.
How many CO2 molecules are needed for one glucose molecule to be formed?
If CO2 is eliminated, will plants still produce oxygen?
How are the photo systems and Calvin Cycle linked?
What is the limiting factor for photosynthesis in bright light and high temperature?
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
What is photorespiration? When does photorespiration increase?
What is the opening on a plant leaf called that allows gas exchange? Is it always open?
Outline the C3/C4 pathway for carbon fixing. Why is this option beneficial in hot climates?
Outline the CAM pathway for carbon fixing. Why is this beneficial in arid climates?
Is RuBisCo involved in the C3/C4 and CAM carbon fixing pathways?
Remember C3/C4 requires ~30ATP/glucose and C3 alone uses ~18ATP/glucose.
Why do corn plants need full sunlight to grow?
What is a chemoautotroph? What is a photoautotroph? What is a heterotroph?
How do sulfur bacteria (deep sea or volcanic) metabolize H2S?
How to nitrifying bacteria use ammonia for energy?
How do the Iron Mtn. Mine bacteria make energy from iron pyrite? What are the waste products?