Campbell Chapter 5, first half

• In what 2 states can energy exist?
• What is the first law of thermodynamics?
• What is entropy?  How is entropy usually achieved in biological reactions?
• What is energy of activation in a reaction?
• What is an enzyme and what do they do?
• What part of an enzyme attaches to the substrate??
• The gas chamber at San Quentin Prison uses the following simple reaction:
•     NaCN         +         HCl             --->          HCN                  +             NaCL
• sodium cyanide + hydrochloric acid --->  hydrogen cyanide gas  +  sodium chloride salt
• How does cyanide act as a poison?
• Does an enzyme change the amount of energy released by a reaction?
• Why is ATP like the "rechargeable battery of the cell"?
• What happens when you convert ATP to ADP?  ADP to AMP?
• What do you have to do to make AMP back into ATP?

Campbell Chapter 6

• What is a oxidation-reduction reaction?  What does being "reduced" mean?
• In the reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O which molecule is being reduced?
• Which molecule is being oxidized?
• Where does glycolysis occur?  What are the final products of glycolysis?
• Know the 3 steps of glycolysis I covered in lecture
• What is the energy investment stage?  Why does this occur?
• At which stage does glucose "split"?
• How / when is energy harvested from glycolysis?
• What happens after glycolysis if no oxygen is present if you are a yeast cell?
• What happens after glycolysis if no oxygen is present if you are a lactate bacteria?
• Which anaerobic process above also produces CO2 (carbon dioxide).
• What is an electron carrier molecule?
• Why does lactic acid (lactate) build-up in your muscles if you run too hard?
• What yummy food product do lactate bacteria produce?
• How do yeast compete so well for sugars in anaerobic environments?
• Where does pyruvate go if oxygen is available?
• In general, what does the Krebs Cycle do?  Waste = _________  Products = ______+_______
• Why is a biochemical cycle more efficient than a linear pathway like glycolysis?
• How many carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) do you generate for one pyruvate in the Krebs Cycle?
• How many carbon dioxide molecules do you produce from one glucose molecule?
• Why is the mitochondria like the Hindenburg?
• Where does the oxygen that you inhale go?  Where does the CO2 that you exhale come from?
• How are electron carriers like NADH used to make ATP?
• How is the process of osmosis involved with the electron transport chain?
• How does making ATP in electron transport differ from making ATP in glycolysis or Krebs Cycle?
• How many ATP total molecules are made from each glucose when oxygen is present?
• What protein synthesizes ATP in the mitochondria?
• Why are lipids a more efficient food storage molecule than carbohydrates (2 reasons)?
• What toxic product is made during protein metabolism?
• What is the kcal content of carbohydrates, fats (lipids), & protein (amino acids) per gram?

Campbell Chapter 7

• How much wood would a wood chuck chuck if a wood chuck could chuck wood?
• How is light considered to be 2 forms of energy simultaneously? (hint: are you as uncertain as Heisenberg?)
• What colors of visible light do plants absorb for photosynthesis?
• What colors are reflected, thus not absorbed, by plants?
• What photopigment is the primary photosynthesis pigment?
• What do the accessory pigments do?
• How (in general) do plants convert light energy to make ATP?
• What immediate waste product do plants produce while making ATP and NADPH?
• Why is RuBisCo such an important enzyme for life as we know it?  What does it do?
• Why do I call RuBisCo a "two-timing enzyme"?
• Where do most of the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions go?
• Why is the Calvin Cycle somewhat like a "reverse Krebs Cycle"?
• What is the primary limiting factor for photosynthesis?
• Why should you talk to your plants?
• Why are tropical C4 plants (corn) and CAM plants (cactus) like a photosynthesis "hot rod".
• The "greenhouse effect" may be both beneficial and detrimental to plants.....explain.

• Bring scantron for 882-E available at the bookstore, science learning center, or library.
• Several sharpened #2 pencils (or a mechanical pencil).