Monday

STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM 1

Chapter 1

What is the smallest unit of life?
Arrange the following in heirarchical order:
community - ecosphere - population - atom - molecule - tissue - organ system - ecosystem - organ - cell
What 3 Domains contain all known living organisms? How do they differ (in general)?
What do homologous structures suggest about different organisms?
How do macroevolution and microevolution differ?
What is the "Modern Synthetic Theory" of Evolution?
What trait must every scientific theory have to be valid?
How might you describe pseudoscience?

Chapter 2

What is an element? What 3 subatomic parts make up an element?
What 4 elements make up ~96% of all living matter?
List at least 4 elements that might make up another 3.9% of living matter.
What are trace elements?
What is a molecular compound? How are they different from elements?
How are compounds held together?
What 3 types of bonds hold compounds together?
What is the weakest of the 3 bonds?
What is the strongest of the 3 bonds (why)?
What properties of water make it unique, and essential for life?
What type of bond above causes cohesion?
Why is water called "the universal solvent"?
What types of compounds can water not dissolve?
Why is water so difficult to heat or cool rapidly?
Why does ice float in liquid water?
pH is a way to describe the balance between what 2 "ions" in water?
What does pH 7 mean? What is the range of acidic pH? What is basic pH?
Name a common acid. Name a common base.
What (in general) do acids do? Why are they so reactive?
What (in general) do bases do? Why are they so reactive?

Chapter 3

What 2 main parts make up an organic molecule?
What is a polymer?
List the 4 main types of biological molecules.
Which biological molecule is most abundant in living cells?
What process (involving water) is used to synthesize biological molecules (making polymers)?
How do you break biological molecule polymers?
What 2 main functions do carbohydrates serve?
List 3 types of monosaccharides. What is their chemical formula (C:H:O ratio).
How do the 3 monosaccharides above differ (in general)?
How do you make sucrose? What is maltose? Got Lactose? - what is it?
What type of sugar is sucrose - maltose - lactose?
What is a polysaccharide? List 2 types of common polysaccharides that have different functions.
Which biological molecule is most abundant on planet earth? Why?
What 2 basic parts make up a triglyceride lipid?
What function do triglycerides serve in organisms?
Why are lipids insoluble (don't dissolve) in water?
How do saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats? Which is more fluid-like?
What other general functions do lipids serve in organisms (list 3 types of functions total)?
How does an amino acid become a polypeptide?
How does a polypeptide become a protein?
List 2 general types of proteins (based on function).
How many naturally occurring amino acids exist?
How do these amino acids differ (in general)?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What 2 shapes make up the secondary structure?
Describe the tertiary structure?
What do you call multiple proteins that stick together to make an enzyme?
What minimum structure does a protein need to function?
What function do some vitamins and dietary supplements serve?
What is a coenzyme?
What 3 parts make up a nucleic acid?
How does DNA differ from RNA (2 ways)?
What is the difference between ATP - ADP - AMP?
What 4 bases can DNA have?
What 4 bases can RNA have?
Which bases tend to "pair-up" in DNA and RNA?
HARD QUESTION: if 40% of your DNA is A (=Adenine), what % is T, G, & C each?
What 2 types of bonds hold DNA together?
Hint for above: what holds the sugars together & what holds the bases together?
Which biological molecule (of the 4 types in chapter 3) can make the longest polymer?

Chapter 4

Biological membranes are made of what 3 parts?
What is the function of each of the 3 parts of the fluid mosaic membrane model?
How small is the smallest of living cells? Why can't they be smaller?
What limits the maximum size of a cell? Why can't cells be as big as a basketball?
What is the typical size of a bacteria cell?
What is the typical size of a plant or animal cell?
Compare/contrast a prokaryotic & a eukaryotic cell
What is an organelle?
Which organelle contains the chromosomal DNA in animal cells?
What organelle converts carbohydrates & oxygen to ATP for fuel?
What structure makes proteins in all living cells?
What organelle makes proteins for export out of the cell?
What organelle makes lipids and cleans-up toxins in the cell?
What organelle is the "shipping-receiving" center of the cell?
What organelle uses sunlight energy to split water and make ATP?
The large starch storage organelle in plants is called a _____________.
Smaller food transport and digestion vesicles in animals are called _______________.
What is the cytoplasm?
Generally describe a cytoskeleton - what purpose does it serve?

Chapter 5 (last half)

What % salt solution is isotonic to a typical animal cell?
Identify the cells below as hypertonic - hypotonic - isotonic
Salmon fry in Freshwater Creek.
Salmon adults in the Pacific Ocean
Roses watered with salt water
Cheek cells when gargling with salt water
Salmon smolts in the SF Bay delta (brackish water)
Blood cells if given an IV of tap water!
What 3 ways can material get into and out of a cell?
How might a cell bring in a large protein? (what is the process called?)
How do your cells bring sugar in quickly for respiration?
How might your cells pump sodium ions out?
How do small water molecules get into a cell?

**EXAM INSTRUCTIONS**

Bring a Scantron form 882-E (purchase in bookstore or library)
Bring several standard No. 2 pencils pre-sharpened or a mechanical pencil
Leave your books, baggage and other debris at the side of the room.
Show up a little before 11am to use the full time allotted.
There will be 50 questions on the test.